Analyzing economic trends in Nepal

# Import packages

Warning messages:
1: In readChar(file, size, TRUE) : truncating string with embedded nuls
2: In readChar(file, size, TRUE) : truncating string with embedded nuls

library(dplyr)
library(data.table)
library(ggplot2)
library(pastecs)

# Setting environment

Warning messages:
1: In readChar(file, size, TRUE) : truncating string with embedded nuls
2: In readChar(file, size, TRUE) : truncating string with embedded nuls
3: In readChar(file, size, TRUE) : truncating string with embedded nuls
4: In readChar(file, size, TRUE) : truncating string with embedded nuls
5: In readChar(file, size, TRUE) : truncating string with embedded nuls
6: In readChar(file, size, TRUE) : truncating string with embedded nuls
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# remove(list=ls())
# setwd("C:\\Users\\sunil\\Downloads\\College\\DAV\\Project")
# make evironment not to change large number to exponential
options(scipen = 999)

# Import dataset
nepal_dt <- read.csv("Source Dataset-API_NPL_DS2.csv", skip=4, header=TRUE, stringsAsFactors = FALSE)
meta_country <- read.csv("MetaData_Country.csv", header=TRUE, stringsAsFactors = FALSE)
meta_indictr <- read.csv("MetaData_Indicator.csv", header=TRUE, stringsAsFactors = FALSE)
nepal_dt

meta_country

meta_indictr

Data Preparation: Preparing data after the import

temp_df = filter(nepal_dt, grepl("tax", tolower(IndicatorName), fixed = TRUE) | grepl("tax", tolower(IndicatorCode), fixed = TRUE))
nepal_df <- temp_df
nepal_df

dim(nepal_df)

[1] 53 66

temp_df = filter(nepal_dt, grepl("gdp", tolower(IndicatorName), fixed = TRUE) | grepl("gdp", tolower(IndicatorCode), fixed = TRUE))
nepal_df <- rbind(nepal_df, temp_df)
nepal_df

dim(nepal_df)

[1] 143  66

temp_df = filter(nepal_dt, grepl("employment", tolower(IndicatorName), fixed = TRUE) | grepl("employment", tolower(IndicatorCode), fixed = TRUE))
nepal_df <- rbind(nepal_df, temp_df)
nepal_df

# Drop first and second column
nepal_df <- nepal_df[-c(1,2)]
nepal_df

# unique(nepal_df$IndicatorName)
#table(tolower(nepal_df$IndicatorName))

# Transposing the dataframe
# t(nepal_df)
df_t <- transpose(nepal_df)
rownames(df_t) <- colnames(nepal_df)
colnames(df_t) <- rownames(nepal_df)

# Rename the columns with the first row. Columns are not properly renamed from above lines.
colnames(df_t) <- df_t[2,]
# Remove the first and second row.
df_t <- df_t[-1:-2,]
nepal_df <- df_t
nepal_df

# Keep rownames as a first column
#setDT(df_t, keep.rownames = TRUE)[]
nepal_df <- cbind(names = rownames(nepal_df), nepal_df)
colnames(nepal_df)[1] <- "YEAR"
# Removing a character 'X' from the column: YEAR in nepal_df
nepal_df$YEAR <- gsub("X","",as.character(nepal_df$YEAR))
nepal_df

dim(nepal_df)[2]

[1] 243

# Converting columns to numeric types
#nepal_df$TM.TAX.MRCH.WM.AR.ZS = as.numeric(as.character(nepal_df$TM.TAX.MRCH.WM.AR.ZS))
#nepal_df$NY.GDP.PETR.RT.ZS = as.numeric(as.character(nepal_df$NY.GDP.PETR.RT.ZS))
nepal_df[1:dim(nepal_df)[2]] <- sapply(nepal_df[1:dim(nepal_df)[2]],as.numeric)
sapply(nepal_df, class)

                    YEAR     TM.TAX.MRCH.WM.AR.ZS        TM.TAX.MRCH.IP.ZS           NY.TAX.NIND.KN        TM.TAX.TCOM.BC.ZS 
               "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric" 
       TM.TAX.MANF.BC.ZS        GC.TAX.INTT.RV.ZS     TM.TAX.MRCH.WM.FN.ZS     TM.TAX.MRCH.SM.AR.ZS        TM.TAX.TCOM.IP.ZS 
               "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric" 
       TM.TAX.MANF.IP.ZS           IC.TAX.GIFT.ZS        GC.TAX.TOTL.GD.ZS        GC.TAX.GSRV.VA.ZS        IC.TAX.LABR.CP.ZS 
               "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric" 
          GC.TAX.YPKG.CN        TM.TAX.MRCH.BR.ZS           NY.TAX.NIND.CN        TM.TAX.MRCH.SR.ZS        IC.TAX.OTHR.CP.ZS 
               "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric" 
          GC.TAX.YPKG.ZS           GC.TAX.IMPT.ZS           GC.TAX.OTHR.CN           GC.TAX.IMPT.CN     TM.TAX.TCOM.WM.AR.ZS 
               "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric" 
    TM.TAX.MANF.WM.AR.ZS              IC.TAX.PAYM           GC.TAX.EXPT.CN        IC.TAX.TOTL.CP.ZS           IC.FRM.INFM.ZS 
               "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric" 
          GC.TAX.GSRV.CN           GC.TAX.INTT.CN     TM.TAX.TCOM.WM.FN.ZS     TM.TAX.MANF.WM.FN.ZS     TM.TAX.MRCH.SM.FN.ZS 
               "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric" 
    TM.TAX.TCOM.SM.AR.ZS     TM.TAX.MANF.SM.AR.ZS           IC.FRM.METG.ZS        GC.TAX.GSRV.RV.ZS        TM.TAX.MRCH.BC.ZS 
               "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric" 
          NY.TAX.NIND.CD     TM.TAX.TCOM.SM.FN.ZS     TM.TAX.MANF.SM.FN.ZS              IC.TAX.METG        GC.TAX.YPKG.RV.ZS 
               "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric" 
             IC.TAX.DURS           GC.TAX.TOTL.CN        TM.TAX.TCOM.BR.ZS        TM.TAX.MANF.BR.ZS        TM.TAX.TCOM.SR.ZS 
               "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric" 
       TM.TAX.MANF.SR.ZS        IC.TAX.PRFT.CP.ZS           GC.TAX.EXPT.ZS        GC.TAX.OTHR.RV.ZS        TG.VAL.TOTL.GD.ZS 
               "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric" 
          NY.GDP.MKTP.KD        NY.GDP.COAL.RT.ZS        NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.KD        NY.GDP.MINR.RT.ZS           NY.GDP.MKTP.KN 
               "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric" 
    NY.GDP.DEFL.KD.ZG.AD           NV.SRV.TOTL.ZS        ER.GDP.FWTL.M3.KD     BX.TRF.PWKR.DT.GD.ZS        SL.GDP.PCAP.EM.KD 
               "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric" 
       SE.XPD.TERT.PC.ZS           NY.GDS.TOTL.ZS        NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG        NY.GDP.DEFL.KD.ZG        SH.XPD.CHEX.GD.ZS 
               "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric" 
       SE.XPD.PRIM.PC.ZS        NY.GDP.PETR.RT.ZS           NY.GDP.MKTP.CD           NE.DAB.TOTL.ZS        SH.XPD.GHED.GD.ZS 
               "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric" 
       SE.XPD.TOTL.GD.ZS           PA.NUS.PPPC.RF        NY.GDP.MKTP.PP.KD        NY.GDP.DEFL.ZS.AD           NE.GDI.TOTL.ZS 
               "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric" 
       GC.TAX.TOTL.GD.ZS        FS.AST.DOMS.GD.ZS        FM.AST.PRVT.GD.ZS        EN.ATM.CO2E.KD.GD        NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.CD 
               "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric" 
       NY.GDP.FRST.RT.ZS           NE.GDI.FTOT.ZS        SE.XPD.SECO.PC.ZS        NY.GDP.MKTP.CN.AD           NV.IND.MANF.ZS 
               "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric" 
          NE.TRD.GNFS.ZS        GC.REV.XGRT.GD.ZS        GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS     EG.USE.COMM.GD.PP.KD        GC.NLD.TOTL.GD.ZS 
               "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric" 
       BN.CAB.XOKA.GD.ZS        BG.GSR.NFSV.GD.ZS           NE.CON.PRVT.ZS        GC.LBL.TOTL.GD.ZS        FS.AST.PRVT.GD.ZS 
               "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric" 
    BM.KLT.DINV.WD.GD.ZS           NY.GDP.PCAP.KD           NY.GDP.FCST.CN        FS.AST.CGOV.GD.ZS        EN.ATM.CO2E.PP.GD 
               "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric" 
    EG.GDP.PUSE.KO.PP.KD        EG.EGY.PRIM.PP.KD        GC.NFN.TOTL.GD.ZS        FM.LBL.BMNY.GD.ZS        NY.GDP.PCAP.KD.ZG 
               "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric" 
          NY.GDP.FCST.KD        NY.GDP.TOTL.RT.ZS           NY.GDP.MKTP.CN           NE.RSB.GNFS.ZS        MS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS 
               "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric" 
       NY.GDP.NGAS.RT.ZS           NY.GDP.DISC.CN           NV.IND.TOTL.ZS           NE.GDI.FPRV.ZS        GC.DOD.TOTL.GD.ZS 
               "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric" 
       FS.AST.DOMO.GD.ZS     EN.ATM.CO2E.PP.GD.KD     BX.KLT.DINV.WD.GD.ZS           NY.GDP.PCAP.KN           NY.GDP.FCST.KN 
               "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric" 
          NE.IMP.GNFS.ZS           NY.GNS.ICTR.ZS           NY.GDP.PCAP.CD           NY.GDP.DISC.KN           NV.AGR.TOTL.ZS 
               "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric" 
       CM.MKT.TRAD.GD.ZS        CM.MKT.LCAP.GD.ZS               PA.NUS.PPP        NY.GDP.MKTP.PP.CD           NY.GDP.DEFL.ZS 
               "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric" 
          NE.EXP.GNFS.ZS           NY.GDP.PCAP.CN           NY.GDP.FCST.CD           NE.CON.TOTL.ZS        GC.AST.TOTL.GD.ZS 
               "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric" 
       EG.GDP.PUSE.KO.PP           NE.CON.GOVT.ZS        GC.XPN.TOTL.GD.ZS        FD.AST.PRVT.GD.ZS           SL.UEM.NEET.ZS 
               "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric" 
       SL.UEM.1524.FE.ZS           SL.SRV.EMPL.ZS           SL.FAM.WORK.ZS     SL.EMP.TOTL.SP.FE.ZS        SL.AGR.EMPL.MA.ZS 
               "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric" 
 per_lm_alllm.cov_q5_tot        SL.UEM.INTM.MA.ZS           SL.TLF.PART.ZS     SL.TLF.0714.WK.MA.ZS        SL.SRV.0714.MA.ZS 
               "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric" 
       SL.FAM.0714.MA.ZS        SL.EMP.SELF.MA.ZS        SL.AGR.0714.FE.ZS  per_lm_alllm.cov_q1_tot        SL.UEM.TOTL.FE.ZS 
               "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric" 
       SL.UEM.1524.MA.ZS        SL.TLF.0714.MA.ZS        SL.IND.EMPL.FE.ZS     SL.EMP.TOTL.SP.MA.ZS  SL.EMP.1524.SP.FE.NE.ZS 
               "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric" 
    SL.UEM.TOTL.FE.NE.ZS     SL.UEM.1524.MA.NE.ZS        SL.TLF.0714.FE.ZS  SL.EMP.TOTL.SP.MA.NE.ZS           SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS 
               "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric" 
          SL.UEM.INTM.ZS           SL.SRV.0714.ZS           SL.FAM.0714.ZS           SL.EMP.SELF.ZS        SL.AGR.0714.MA.ZS 
               "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric" 
 per_lm_alllm.cov_q2_tot        SL.UEM.TOTL.MA.ZS           SL.UEM.1524.ZS     SL.TLF.0714.SW.FE.ZS           SL.IND.EMPL.ZS 
               "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric" 
       SL.EMP.TOTL.SP.ZS  SL.EMP.1524.SP.MA.NE.ZS        SL.UEM.INTM.FE.ZS        SL.TLF.PART.MA.ZS        SL.SRV.0714.FE.ZS 
               "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric" 
       SL.FAM.0714.FE.ZS        SL.EMP.SELF.FE.ZS per_lm_alllm.cov_pop_tot        SL.UEM.NEET.MA.ZS     SL.UEM.1524.FE.NE.ZS 
               "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric" 
          SL.TLF.0714.ZS        SL.SRV.EMPL.MA.ZS        SL.FAM.WORK.MA.ZS  SL.EMP.TOTL.SP.FE.NE.ZS        SL.AGR.EMPL.FE.ZS 
               "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric" 
 per_lm_alllm.cov_q4_tot        SL.WAG.0714.MA.ZS        SL.UEM.BASC.FE.ZS        SL.TLF.0714.SW.ZS        SL.SLF.0714.FE.ZS 
               "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric" 
       SL.EMP.WORK.FE.ZS        SL.EMP.MPYR.FE.ZS           SL.WAG.0714.ZS        SL.UEM.BASC.MA.ZS        SL.SLF.0714.MA.ZS 
               "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric" 
       SL.EMP.WORK.MA.ZS        SL.EMP.MPYR.MA.ZS per_lm_alllm.adq_pop_tot        SL.UEM.NEET.FE.ZS        SL.TLF.0714.WK.ZS 
               "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric" 
       SL.SRV.EMPL.FE.ZS        SL.FAM.WORK.FE.ZS        SL.EMP.SMGT.FE.ZS           SL.AGR.0714.ZS  per_lm_alllm.cov_q3_tot 
               "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric" 
       SL.UEM.TOTL.NE.ZS        SL.UEM.ADVN.FE.ZS        SL.MNF.0714.FE.ZS        SL.EMP.VULN.FE.ZS     SL.EMP.1524.SP.MA.ZS 
               "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric" 
          SL.UEM.BASC.ZS        SL.TLF.PART.FE.ZS     SL.TLF.0714.WK.FE.ZS           SL.SLF.0714.ZS           SL.EMP.WORK.ZS 
               "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric" 
          SL.EMP.MPYR.ZS  per_lm_alllm.ben_q1_tot           SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS        SL.UEM.ADVN.MA.ZS     SL.TLF.0714.SW.MA.ZS 
               "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric" 
       SL.MNF.0714.MA.ZS        SL.EMP.VULN.MA.ZS     SL.EMP.1524.SP.NE.ZS     SL.UEM.TOTL.MA.NE.ZS        SL.UEM.1524.NE.ZS 
               "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric" 
       SL.IND.EMPL.MA.ZS     SL.EMP.TOTL.SP.NE.ZS     SL.EMP.1524.SP.FE.ZS        SL.WAG.0714.FE.ZS           SL.UEM.ADVN.ZS 
               "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric" 
          SL.MNF.0714.ZS           SL.EMP.VULN.ZS        SL.EMP.1524.SP.ZS 
               "numeric"                "numeric"                "numeric" 

# Replace NA values with 0
#nepal_df["TM.TAX.MRCH.WM.AR.ZS"][is.na(nepal_df["TM.TAX.MRCH.WM.AR.ZS"])] <- 0
#nepal_df["NY.GDP.PETR.RT.ZS"][is.na(nepal_df["NY.GDP.PETR.RT.ZS"])] <- 0
# Replace na values with 0 using is.na()
nepal_df[is.na(nepal_df)] <- 0

nepal_df

# Viewing the data after preparing it.
View(nepal_df)

Parameter Selection:

## Sample parameters selection to achieve project objective.
# GC.TAX.GSRV.VA.ZS -> Taxes on goods and services
# GC.TAX.GSRV.CN
# GC.TAX.TOTL.GD.ZS -> Tax revenue (% of GDP)
# IC.TAX.LABR.CP.ZS -> Labor tax and contributions (% of commercial profits) | Labor tax and contributions is the amount of taxes and mandatory contributions on labor paid by the business.
# GC.TAX.YPKG.CN -> Taxes on income, profits and capital gains (current LCU)
# GC.TAX.IMPT.ZS -> Customs and other import duties (% of tax revenue)
# GC.TAX.EXPT.CN -> Taxes on exports (current LCU)
# IC.TAX.TOTL.CP.ZS -> Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit)
# NY.GDP.MKTP.KD -> GDP (constant 2015 US$)
# SL.IND.EMPL.ZS -> Employment in industry (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate)
# SL.IND.EMPL.FE.ZS -> Employment in industry, female (% of female employment) (modeled ILO estimate)
# SL.IND.EMPL.MA.ZS -> Employment in industry, male (% of male employment) (modeled ILO estimate)
# SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS -> Employment in agriculture (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate)
# SL.AGR.EMPL.FE.ZS -> Employment in agriculture, female (% of female employment) (modeled ILO estimate)
# SL.AGR.EMPL.MA.ZS -> Employment in agriculture, male (% of male employment) (modeled ILO estimate)

## Sample parameter selection to achieve project objective.
# GC.TAX.GSRV.VA.ZS, NY.GDP.MKTP.KD  0.8481471
# GC.TAX.GSRV.VA.ZS, SL.IND.EMPL.ZS  0.8880489
# GC.TAX.GSRV.VA.ZS, SL.IND.EMPL.FE.ZS 0.8928028
# GC.TAX.GSRV.VA.ZS, SL.IND.EMPL.MA.ZS 0.8939309
# GC.TAX.GSRV.VA.ZS, SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS 0.8268747
# GC.TAX.GSRV.VA.ZS, SL.AGR.EMPL.FE.ZS 0.8333567
# GC.TAX.GSRV.VA.ZS, SL.AGR.EMPL.MA.ZS 0.8062022
# GC.TAX.INTT.RV.ZS, SL.IND.EMPL.ZS 0.727295
# GC.TAX.INTT.RV.ZS, SL.IND.EMPL.FE.ZS 0.7059692
# GC.TAX.INTT.RV.ZS, SL.IND.EMPL.MA.ZS 0.7179946
# GC.TAX.TOTL.GD.ZS, SL.IND.EMPL.ZS 0.893035
# GC.TAX.TOTL.GD.ZS, SL.IND.EMPL.FE.ZS 0.8984195
# GC.TAX.TOTL.GD.ZS, SL.IND.EMPL.MA.ZS 0.8992892
# IC.TAX.LABR.CP.ZS
# GC.TAX.YPKG.CN
# GC.TAX.IMPT.ZS
# GC.TAX.EXPT.CN
# IC.TAX.TOTL.CP.ZS

## Sample parameters selection to achieve project objective.
nepal_df <- select(nepal_df, 'YEAR', 'GC.TAX.GSRV.VA.ZS', 'GC.TAX.GSRV.CN', 'GC.TAX.TOTL.GD.ZS', 'IC.TAX.LABR.CP.ZS', 'GC.TAX.YPKG.CN', 'GC.TAX.IMPT.ZS', 'GC.TAX.EXPT.CN', 'IC.TAX.TOTL.CP.ZS', 'NY.GDP.MKTP.KD', 'SL.IND.EMPL.ZS', 'SL.IND.EMPL.FE.ZS', 'SL.IND.EMPL.MA.ZS', 'SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS', 'SL.AGR.EMPL.FE.ZS', 'SL.AGR.EMPL.MA.ZS')
nepal_df

Data Quality: Checking the data

## Checking quality of data in parameters selected.
View(summary(nepal_df))

stat.desc(nepal_df)

Correlation Analysis: Exploring relationship between employment, tax and GDP. Understanding what drives economic activity.

# Finding correlation between each columns in the dataframe
# cor(nepal_df$TM.TAX.MRCH.WM.AR.ZS, nepal_df$NY.GDP.PETR.RT.ZS)
# cor(nepal_df$GC.TAX.TOTL.GD.ZS, nepal_df$SL.IND.EMPL.FE.ZS)
View(cor(nepal_df))

var(nepal_df$GC.TAX.GSRV.VA.ZS)

[1] 26.21113

Time series analysis: Trends/patterns in the data over time

#autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) - need to look at it
p <- ggplot(nepal_df, aes(x=nepal_df$YEAR, y=nepal_df$GC.TAX.GSRV.VA.ZS)) +
  geom_line( color="steelblue") + 
  geom_point() +
  xlab("YEAR") +
  ylab("GC.TAX.GSRV.VA.ZS") 
  #scale_x_date(limit=c(as.Date("1960-01-01"),as.Date("2022-12-30"))) +
  
p

# Check tax and gdp over time
coeff <- 10
tax_color <- "black"
gdp_color <- "steelblue"
ggplot(nepal_df, aes(x=nepal_df$YEAR)) +
  
  geom_line( aes(y=nepal_df$GC.TAX.GSRV.CN), size=0.5, color=tax_color) + 
  geom_line( aes(y=nepal_df$NY.GDP.MKTP.KD), size=0.5, color=gdp_color) +
  
  geom_point(aes(y = nepal_df$GC.TAX.GSRV.CN), size=2, color=tax_color) +
  geom_point(aes(y = nepal_df$NY.GDP.MKTP.KD), size=2, color=gdp_color) +
  
  scale_y_continuous(
    
    # First axis
    name = "Taxes on goods and services (current LCU)",
    
    # Second axis
    sec.axis = sec_axis(~.*50, name="GDP (constant 2015 US$)")
  ) +
#  theme_ipsum() +
  scale_x_continuous(
    name = "YEAR"
  ) +
  theme(
    axis.title.y = element_text(color = tax_color, size=13),
    axis.title.y.right = element_text(color = gdp_color, size=13)
  ) +
  ggtitle("Tax and GDP over time") +
  theme(plot.title = element_text(hjust = 0.5)) #Title to be at center

# Checking gdp growth on taxes on goods and services
ggplot(nepal_df, aes(x = GC.TAX.GSRV.CN, y = NY.GDP.MKTP.KD)) +
  geom_point() +
geom_smooth() +
xlab("Taxes on goods and services (current LCU)") +
ylab("GDP (constant 2015 US$)") +
scale_x_continuous() +
scale_y_continuous()

# Checking GDP growth on every tax % increase
ggplot(nepal_df, aes(x = GC.TAX.GSRV.VA.ZS, y = NY.GDP.MKTP.KD)) +
  geom_point() +
geom_smooth() +
xlab("Taxes on goods and services (% value added of industry and services)") +
ylab("GDP (constant 2015 US$)") +
scale_x_continuous() +
scale_y_continuous()

nepal_df$NY.GDP.MKTP.KD

 [1]  3312006963  3375208865  3439686156  3504872049  3768874732  3723528046  3985688368  3923053375  3949552951  4125838151  4232119417
[12]  4181529368  4311901106  4291353333  4563150075  4629611019  4833246135  4979063887  5198428566  5321572986  5198144730  5631772619
[23]  5844618406  5670600395  6219578592  6601765803  6903179359  7020230929  7560564675  7887910507  8253518026  8779114468  9139620604
[34]  9491482290 10271302732 10627557926 11193824413 11758957236 12113653185 12648177008 13432363981 14077102964 14094015643 14650029882
[45] 15336032658 15869600999 16403551941 16963169002 17998709258 18814604917 19720794305 20395606013 21348105727 22100659154 23429236486
[56] 24360795411 24466305357 26662713937 28695046274 30605291409 29880062111 31149050463

Regression:

# R

Cluster:

# C

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